Students’ Silence – Redefining What It Means to Participate in EFL Classrooms
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54855/ijte.24444Keywords:
silence, EFL, classroom participationAbstract
Educators place a high value on the interaction between students and teachers. The amount of verbal interaction in the classroom is often highly valued, while silence is viewed as evidence of inactivity. In spite of the growing attention given to silence in the classroom by educators and scholars, little research has been conducted on how Vietnamese students respond to silence. This study surveyed 132 engineering students at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology to explore the reasons behind low levels of oral participation. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain an understanding of students' towards classroom silence and suggest several implications for improving students’ participation. Preliminary findings suggest that students commonly use silence to gain more thinking time and avoid embarrassment. These insights could inform strategies to enhance student engagement and learning outcomes.References
Armstrong, J.S. (2012). Natural Learning in Higher Education. In Seel, N.M. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of the sciences of learning. New York: Springer.
Bao, D. (2019). The place of silence in second language acquisition. English Language Teaching and Research Journal (ELTAR-J), 1(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.33474/eltar-j.v1i1.4771
Bao, D. (2020). Silence, talk and in-betweens: East Asian students’ responses to task challenge in an Australian University. East Asian Perspectives on Silence in English Language Education. Eds J. King and S. Harumi (Bristol: Multilingual Matters). 17–36. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788926775-007
Bao, D., & Ye, Y. (2020). Investigating learner silent and verbal responses to tasks. International Journal of Language Teaching and Education, 4(1), 61-72. https://onlinejournal.unja.ac.id/IJoLTE/article/view/10469
Bao, D., & Nguyen, T. M. (2020). How silence facilitates verbal participation. English Language Teaching Educational Journal, 3(3), 188-197. https://doi.org/10.12928/eltej.v3i3.3004
Bista, K. (2012). Silence in teaching and learning: Perspectives of a Nepalese graduate student. College Teaching, 60, 76–82.
Brown, L. (2008). The incidence of study-related stress in international students in the initial stage of the international sojourn. Journal of Studies in International Education, 12(1), 5-28
Bruneau, T. J. (2008). How Americans use silence and silences to communicate. China Media Research, 4(2), 77–85.
Canary, D. J., & MacGregor, I. M. (2008). Differences that make a difference in assessing student communication competence. Communication Education, 57(1), 41–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520701635133
Choi, J. Y. (2015). Reasons for silence: A case study of two Korean students at a U.S. Graduate school. TESOL Journal, 6(3), 579–596. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.209
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2022). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative & mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE.
Dao, P., Nguyen, M., & Iwashita, N. (2021). Teachers’ perceptions of learner engagement in L2 classroom task-based interaction. The Language Learning Journal, 49(6), 711-724. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2019.1666908
Ellis, N. C. (2005). At the interface: How explicit knowledge affects implicit language learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27, 305–352.
Fivush, R. (2010). Speaking silence: The social construction of silence in autobiographical and cultural narratives. Memory, 18(2), 88-98.
Gillham, B. (2000). Developing a Questionnaire. London: Continuum
Glenn, C. (2004). A rhetoric of silence. Carbondale, IL. Southern Illinois University Press.
Guerrero, M. C. (1999). Inner Speech as Mental Rehearsal: The Case of Advanced L2 Learners. Issues in Applied Linguistics, 10(1), 27 – 55. https://doi.org/10.5070/l4101005010
Goodwin, C. (1981). Conversational Organization: Interaction between Speakers and Hearers. Academic Press.
Granger, C. A. (2004). Silence in second language learning. Multilingual Matters.
Hao, RN (2011). Rethinking critical pedagogy: implications on silence and silence bodies. Text and performance quaterly. 31(3),267-284
Harumi, S. (2020). Approaches to interacting with classroom silence: the role of teacher talk. East Asian Perspectives on Silence in English Language Education. Eds J. King and S. Harumi (Bristol: Multilingual Matters), 37–59. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788926775-008
Harumi, S & King, J. (2020) . 1. East Asian Perspectives on silence in English language education: An introduction. East Asian perspectives on silence in English language education. Eds J. King and S. Harumi (Bristol: Multilingual Matters), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788926775-006
Kim, S. (2008). Silent participation: East Asian International graduate students’ views on active classroom participation. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, 19(2/3), 199-220.
King, J. (2014). Fear of the true self: Social anxiety and the silent behaviour of Japanese learners of English. The impact of self-concept on language learning. Eds K. Csizér & M. Magid (Bristol: Multilingual Matters), 232–249. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783092383-014
King, J., Yashima, T., Humphries, S., Aubrey, S., & Ikeda, M. (2020). Silence and Anxiety in the English-Medium Classroom of Japanese Universities: A Longitudinal Intervention Study. East Asian Perspectives on Silence in English Language Education. Eds J. King and S. Harumi (Bristol: Multilingual Matters), 60–79. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788926775-009
Krashen, S. & Terrell, T.D. (1983). The Natural Approach: Language Acquisition in the Classroom. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Kurzon, D. (2007). Towards a typology of silence. Journal of Pragmatics, 39(10), 1673–1688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2007.07.003
Liu, J. (2002). Negotiating silence in American classrooms: Three Chinese cases. Language and Intercultural Communication, 2(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708470208668074
Liu, M. (2006). Anxiety in Chinese EFL students at different proficiency levels. System, 34(3), 301–316. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2006.04.004
Meyer, K. R. (2009). Student classroom engagement: Rethinking participation grades and student silence. United States: Ohio University.
Morita, N. (2004). Negotiating participation and identity in second language academic communities. TESOL Quarterly, 38(4), 573-603. https://doi.org/10.2307/3588281
Nakane, I. (2007). Silence in Intercultural Communication. John Benjamins Publishing.
Nijstad, B. A., De Dreu, C. K. W., Rietzschel, E. F., & Baas, M. (2010). The dual pathway to creativity model: Creative ideation as a function of flexibility and persistence. European Review of Social Psychology, 21(1), 34–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463281003765323
Ollin, R. (2008). Silent pedagogy and rethinking classroom practice: structuring teaching through silence rather than talk. Cambridge Journal of Education 38(2), 265–280.
Pabro-Maquidato, I. M. (2021). The Experience of English Speaking Anxiety and Coping Strategies: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study. International Journal of TESOL & Education, 1(2), 45-64.
Schacter, D.L., Gilbert, D.T., Wegner, D.M. (2011). Psychology, 2nd Edition. New York: Worth Publishers.
Tashakkori, A., & C. Teddlie. (1998). Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Applied Social Research Methods Series, (46). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Tatar, S. (2005). Why keep silent? The classroom participation experiences of non-native-English-speaking students. Language And Intercultural Communication, 5(3-4), 284–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708470508668902
Tatar, S. (2005). Classroom participation by international students: The case of Turkish graduate students. Journal of Studies in International Education, 9(4), 337–355.
Teng, M. H. (2009). Teacher factors in College English classroom. Heilongjiang Researches on Higher Education, (4), 146 – 148.
Tomlinson, B. (2000). Talking to yourself: The role of the inner voice in language learning, Applied Language Learning, 11(1), 123 – 154.
Tran, T. T. L. (2002). An investigation into the causes of students’ anxiety in learning English speaking skills. International Journal of TESOL & Education, 2(3), 183-196. https://doi.org/10.54855/ijte.222312
Vygotsky, L. (1962). Thought and Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Wells, C. G., & Wells, G. (1981). Learning through interaction: Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.
Zembylas, M & Michaelides, P. (2004). The sound of silence in pedagogy. Educational Theory 54(2),193–210.
Zhou, Y. R., Knote, D., & Sakamoto, I. (2005). Rethinking silence in the classroom: Chinese students’ experiences of sharing indigenous knowledge. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 9, 287–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603110500075180
Zhou, G., Yu, Z., Rideout, G., & Smith, C. (2020). Why don’t they participate in class? A study of Chinese students’ classroom participation in International Master of Education Program. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on International Student Experience in Canadian Higher Education, 81–101. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5030-4.ch005
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Nguyen Trang Dung
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The copyright of all articles published in the International Journal of TESOL & Education (ijte) remains with the Authors, i.e. Authors retain full ownership of their article. Permitted third-party reuse of the open access articles is defined by the applicable Creative Commons (CC) end-user license which is accepted by the Authors upon submission of their paper. All articles in the ijte are published under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, meaning that end users can freely share an article (i.e. copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt it (i.e. remix, transform and build upon the material) on the condition that proper attribution is given (i.e. appropriate credit, a link to the applicable license and an indication if any changes were made; all in such a way that does not suggest that the licensor endorses the user or the use) and the material is only used for non-commercial purposes.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository, in a journal or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.