Translating Vietnamese Sentences Containing the Word Rồi into English Related to English Tenses

perfect tense, the perfect the simple the near In Vietnamese 1 , rồi can help translators choose appropriate English tenses to translate Vietnamese sentences into English. With this study, the researcher wants to indicate the influence of rồi in four Vietnamese works’ 2 sentences on their translators’ selection for appropriate English tenses to have semantically equivalent translations. The study refers to six tenses of simple present (a), simple past (b), present perfect (c), past perfect (d), simple future (e), and near future (f). These sentences were translated into English with (a) if rồi denotes the emphasis on the reality of the event. (b), (c), and (d) are preferred when rồi implies the event that happened in the past. However, using (e) and (f) is not dependent upon the occurrence of rồi because this word does need combination with other words or phrases to denote the meaning of the future. Therefore, understanding the influence of

The progress/method of conducting this study First, the researcher collects some Vietnamese sentences containing the word rồi and the corresponding English translations from the software CLC Parallel Corpus Tool 3 mentioned in Section 1 as the data to present the meanings of the word rồi. Introducing the English translations only aims to give readers a brief overview of the two matters. Firstly, the meanings of the word rồi and other words are involved (if any) in expressing their meanings in the Vietnamese sentences. Secondly, the possibility of applying English tenses when translating the original Vietnamese sentences contain the word rồi into English.
Next, the researcher has statistics on the frequency of occurrence of (i) Vietnamese and English words related to translating Vietnamese sentences containing the word rồi into English, including the word rồi, (ii) the English tenses used due to the influence of the word rồi and other words involved, in the literary works used as the researcher's research materials. This statistic helps the study draw objective conclusions about translators' selection for the appropriate English tenses to have semantically equivalent translations of Vietnamese sentences containing the word rồi into English.
Finally, the work summarizes the meanings of the word rồi in Vietnamese and its influence on the translators' decision to choose the English tense for semantically equivalent translation. On the other hand, the conclusion also helps Vietnamese people who learn English apply suitable translations in respect of tenses in English from Vietnamese sentences containing the word rồi.

Literature review
In general, the study of translating a particular word in Vietnamese as a source language into English as a target language has not been unfamiliar to researchers in linguistics. Although the word rồi has appeared in studies in Vietnam, as far as the researcher is concerned, no researchers have focused on clarifying the meanings of the word rồi when translating the Vietnamese sentences containing it semantically equivalently into English in respect of English tenses. Specifically, he selects the following three studies, which mentioned the word rồi and its influences on translating utterances with conventional implicature and conveying the meaning of perfect. Thereby drawing some relevant comments. semantically equivalent translation from English into Vietnamese.

Rồi with the meaning of perfect
The meaning of perfect expressed by modal verbs in Vietnamese like đã, rồi, chưa has been an appealing topic in English teaching and learning in Vietnam. The idea here is that the words in question, when occurring alone or having combination with other words, can denote the meaning of perfect, thereby choosing appropriate perfect tenses in English for translation. Truong (2016: 1) showed that it is worth researching this matter "in order to help students accurately translate the meaning of perfect form -a meaning expressed by modal verbs like đã, rồi, chưa from Vietnamese into English" (Truong, 2016: 1). Previously, this author had clarified the role of the word rồi in conveying the perfect meaning in English into Vietnamese through a combination of Vietnamese grammar based on the English short story The Old Man and the Sea by the writer Ernest Hemingway and the modern romantic novel Southern Lights. According to Truong (2015: 20), the perfect English form is marked mainly in Vietnamese by the combination of "đã + telic verb phrase, đã/(đã)+ telic verb phrase + rồi or chưa + telic verb phrase". For this reason, when translating Vietnamese sentences containing the word rồi into English, translators need to pay attention to other words like đã and chưa to denote the meaning of perfect in English.
The researcher agrees with the statement of Truong (2015: 1) that the combination of the group of words, including đã, rồi, and chưa, helps translate the meaning of perfect form from Vietnamese into English which many people know in the name of perfect tenses. As a result, with this paper, the researcher continues to clarify the influence of the word rồi on the translators' decision to choose the English tenses, including perfect tenses, for semantically equivalent translation in the four contemporary Vietnamese literary works mentioned at the beginning of the paper. To do this, the researcher uses the Vietnamese Dictionary concerning the meanings of the word rồi by Hoang et al. (2003: 832) as the main research basis.

The meanings of the word rồi in Vietnamese
According to Hoang et al. (2003: 832), the word rồi in Vietnamese has the following meanings.
1. Indicate that the aforesaid thing which has been done belongs to the past time.
Suggested translation: 1a'. When I bought this cellular phone, it came damaged.
In the sentence called 1a, the word rồi shows that the broken phone is the problem that happened before the time of speaking. Specifically, that phone was out of order khi tôi mới mua. In addition, according to Diep (1996: 84-85), the adjuncts đã and rồi do not need to occur together in the sentence called 1a; just one of them is sufficient to express the meaning of the sentence because both of them belong to "the group of words implying the end". If there is an occurrence of the word đã preceding the word rồi, "the word rồi has the same meaning as the word xong".
In the suggested English translation called 1a', the past tense is used to translate the words đã, rồi semantically equivalently from the Vietnamese sentence called 1a into English. In particular, the matter of the broken phone "happened in the past, ended, and the time is known" (Mai & Nguyen, 2011: 8) khi tôi mới mua.
1b''. Hey! By my count, that's five cakes you already had.
In the sentence called 1b, again, the event mentioned in the sentence had happened before the time the father spoke. Specifically, the child ate five cakes. Similar to the sentence 1a, the occurrence of the word đã is optional if the sentence has the word rồi to indicate that the event has been done.
In the English-translated sentences called 1b' and 1b'', the present perfect or the simple past tense can be used for the fact that the child has already eaten five cakes. For British English speakers, in such a case, the present perfect tense is often used. That the child ate five cakes happened, but the specific time is unknown (unlike the time determined in the original sentence called 1a). Besides, it is possible that when the father speaks, the child is eating the fifth cake. "Usage of the present perfect creates a whole other slew of complications as its use may coincide with the simple past or refer to incomplete states or actions" (Gavell, 2018: 4). Meanwhile, "we may hear American English speakers using already with the past simple." 4 .
2. Indicate that the aforesaid thing is going to be done, finished in a short time.
Suggested translation: 2'. You got here in the nick of time, the train's just leaving.
2''. You got here in the nick of time, the train's going to leave.
In the sentence called 2, the presence of the modal verb 5 sắp is required; otherwise, this sentence will show an event that happened in the past (the train ran). In Vietnamese, the combination of the word sắp preceding "the verb phrase of completion ("aspect")" 6 rồi denotes the event that will be finished soon in the future.
For this reason, in the English-translated sentences called 2' and 2'', the near future tense will be preferred instead of the simple future tense. Moreover, there are many ways to denote the near-future tense in English. We can use the present continuous tense because according to Thomson & Martinet (1975: 53), "planned future actions can be expressed by the present continuous tense with a time expression" and "the present continuous is mainly used for very definite arrangements in the near future" (the sentence 2') or be + going to (the sentence 2'').
3. Indicate that what is about to be said will happen in the near future.
Suggested translation: 3a'. You had better tell her because she'll find out sooner or later.
In the sentence called 3a, the word rồi accompanies the phrase sớm muộn (gì) to show that the event is likely to happen in the near future without a specific time like that in the sentences called 2a, 2b. Sometimes in Vietnamese, we can see the sentence called 3a in the case such as "…. vì rồi sớm muộn (gì) cô ta cũng biết mà". Although the position of the word rồi can change, its meaning concerning indicating a high probability of the event does not change.
In the suggested English translation called 3a', the simple future tense used in the sentence is more suitable than the near future tense. As mentioned above, the event in this sentence only has a high probability of happening without absolute certainty, so it is impossible to use the near future tense to indicate that the event is about to happen at an almost determined time. However, to keep the meaning of the phrase sớm muộn (gì), we need to use the idiom sooner or later in English.
Suggested translation: 3b'. I suppose at a glance, and taxes are going to go up.
In sentence 3b, the combination of the word rồi and the modal verb sẽ indicates the event is more likely to happen and complete soon without speaking. If the speaker is sure, they only need to use the word sẽ in the sentence called 3b. The occurrence of the word rồi is a way to confirm that the tax increase will happen soon, but the speaker does not know the time exactly. It also helps the speaker emphasize that the event is highly likely to happen after the glance. This conclusion can be made because of the speaker's experience and knowledge.
On the contrary to the sentence called 3a', in the suggested English translation called 3b', the near future tense in English needs to be used to translate the meaning from the original sentence called 3b. This is because, with the occurrence of the phrase rồi sẽ in the sentence called 3b, the speaker cannot determine the exact time, so we can use "the going to form with or without a time expression" (Thomson & Martinet, 1975: 53). Also, the phrase rồi sẽ still indicates a high probability that the event will happen soon as an inevitable consequence.
4. Indicate the passed time, rồi is often used as a word of conversational language after some words or phrases of time.

Suggested translation:
4'. They informed us that the goods had been dispatched last week/a week ago. 4''. They inform us that the goods were dispatched last week/a week ago.
In the sentence called 4, the occurrence of the word rồi is required. Otherwise, the word tuần becomes indeterminate. However, the word tuần can be omitted if the speaker does not intend to emphasize the time when hàng (đã) được gửi đi. Besides, in the sentence called 4, the word đã is optional because the event in question happened in the past. In the suggested English translations called 4 and 4'', we can use the simple past or past perfect tense for the fact that hàng đã được gửi đi. However, which tense is used depends on the preceding part of the sentence (họ thông báo chúng tôi). If the simple past tense is used for this part, the past perfect needs to be used for the later one to show that the event in question happened before another event in the past (Mai & Nguyen, 2011: 9) (hàng (đã) được gửi đi trước khi họ (đã) thông báo chúng tôi). If the present simple tense is used for the former part, the past simple tense the latter only needs using for the latter one (họ thông báo chúng tôi là rằng hàng (đã) được gửi đi). Besides, the phrase tuần rồi in the sentence called 4 is equivalent to English as last week or a week ago.
Suggested translation: 5b'. Alright, / Yes, it is, only you're going in the opposite direction.
Suggested translation: 5c'. The light is on.
In the sentences called 5a, 5b, and 5c, the word rồi is placed at the end of a clause or sentence is used to emphasize the reality of the given event.
In the sentence called 5a, the word rồi is used in Vietnamese to urge the listener to hurry up. In the English suggested translation called 5a', the simple present tense is used in this context with the occurrence of the word already "at the end of the sentence for more emphasis or to show greater surprise. This is especially common in informal speech." 6 . The speaker puts an emphasis on the fact that the hearer should have been punctual.
In the sentence called 5b, in addition to the word phải, the word rồi can also follow some words like được, đúng, ừ to indicate agreement with the event in question. With the suggested translation called 5b', English often uses some words like all right, okay, yes to give equivalent meaning to phrases like phải rồi, đúng rồi, được rồi, ừ rồi.
In the sentence called 5c, the word rồi helps express the state of things or phenomena which is changing to reach a new state, "end the beginning phase" (Diep, 1996: 84).
Suggested translation: 5d'. You've been in prison six times, according to our records.
The word rồi, in combination with the word đã (not required), helps both denote the past event and emphasize the event mentioned. Specifically, that anh (đã) vào tù sáu lần becomes more persuasive by the word rồi shortly after.
In the English suggested translation called 7d', with the repetition of the fact that anh (đã) vào tù sáu lần, so the present perfect tense is used which "while referring to past, includes a connection to the present" (Kolln & Funk, 2012: 74). Specifically, the man has been in prison in the past, and up to the present, this has happened six times.

Indicate a sequence of time at which what is about to be raised occurs shortly after what has just been mentioned. "With the word rồi, people are about to hear the next event." (Cao, 2003: 67).
Example 6: 6a. Chúng tôi mạnh ai nấy xem vở kịch rồi sau đó trao đổi ý kiến với nhau.
Tạm dịch: 6a'. We had seen the play separately and then we compared notes afterwards. 6a''. We had seen the play separately before we compared notes afterwards. 6a'''. We see the play separately and then we'll compare notes afterwards. 6a''''. We will see the play separately before we compare notes afterwards.
Tạm dịch: 6b'. You drive first and then we'll switch around. 6c'. You go two blocks, then turn right and you'll reach it.
In the above examples, the researcher sees that choosing which English tense to translate Vietnamese sentences does not depend on the word rồi. In these sentences, the word rồi only helps the events in the sentence follow a sequential order. Grammatically, the word rồi in these sentences resembles conjunction, which is out of the scope of the study.

Indicate a kind of sequential relationship wherein what has just been mentioned is likely to lead to what is about to be said.
Example 7: 7a. Anh phải xin phép cô ta rồi mới được làm.
Tạm dịch: 7a'. You'll have to get her permission before you do that.
Tạm dịch: 7b'. Study hard and you will pass your examinations.
Similar to the meaning mentioned in section 3.2.6, the study does not analyze this meaning of the word rồi, because in this case, it acts as a conjunction in the sentence. Table 1. Summarizing the meanings of the word "rồi" in Vietnamese.

Research Questions
This study aims to answer the two questions below: 1. How are the influences that the word rồi puts on translators' selection for appropriate English tenses when translating the Vietnamese sentences containing it into English?
2. Is there notice that Vietnamese people learning English need to take when choosing English tenses when translating the Vietnamese sentences containing the word rồi into English? The simple present tense  Just one bullfrog trying to put across his opinion is enough to make your ears ring.

C
Chỉ mới mùa thu thôi đó mà đã mặc cả chục lớp áo rồi! (M5) "It is only autumn now, but you are already wearing ten layers of clothes!" Em biết phương pháp học rồi, vậy em phải tự bơi một mình chứ! (M5) "You know the method of studying already, so you must swim by yourself!" -Fernando phì cười-Em bệnh nặng quá rồi! (M5) Fernando burst out laughing. "You are seriously sick already!" D "Thế là công chúa chọn mày rồi." (M5) "So the Princess chooses you then." "Tao định làm gì thì mày cũng biết rồi đó. The researcher realizes that the simple present tense was used to translate the Vietnamese sentences containing the word rồi mainly with the meaning of the word rồi called M5 in Table  1. Of the 174 occurrences of the word rồi that are suitable for the objectives of the study and statistically collected from the corpus, most of them appear at the end of the original Vietnamese sentences (…rồi.) to indicate the emphasis on the fact considered affirmable. When translated into English, the word already is preferred to be used in an English sentence (…already…) or at the end of it (…already.) with 62 occurrences. It is appropriate to choose the simple present tense to produce a translation in these cases. Since the simple present tense in English is used to "expresses a general truth" (Seaton & Mew, 2007: 80), the fact that the speaker considers definitively affirmable. Therefore, the combination of đã and rồi (…đã … rồi.) in the original Vietnamese sentences does not affect the use of the simple present tense when producing translation. The simple past tense All of her relatives started to hasten their "baby Mai" into the check-in area -for it was very nearly time already, and there was a lot of baggage.
"However, you knew before already right?" Tốt hơn hết là tắt phứt cho rồi, khỏi phải dài dòng giải thích lung tung. (M5) "It was much better to definitely turn it off then, and escape having to lengthily explain in confusion." D "Em đã hỏi chú Đàn rồi." (M1) "I asked him already." "Mình chép xong rồi." (M1) "I already copied." The simple past tense is preferred to translate the Vietnamese sentences containing the word rồi with its meaning called M1 in Table 1. Specifically, there are 76 times the translators used this tense to translate into English for the 76 corresponding Vietnamese sentences. In the Vietnamese sentences in these cases, the combination of the word đã with the word rồi (…đã…rồi.) is counted up to 18/76 occurrences. According to Le (2020: 152), the structure of "(đã) + noun phrase of time + rồi is an adverb in Vietnamese sentences to denote a period passing before the time of speech". Evidence suggests that to denote a past event, the word rồi can only appear alone (…rồi.) or the time when the event happened is shown by the words or phrases of time (e.g. mấy mùa rồi, trước đó rồi, tháng trước…rồi) without the occurrence of the word đã. The occurrence of đã only helps to emphasize "the relation of time to the process" and "the realism or unreality of actions, states, and properties in relation to time" (Diep & Hoang, 1996: 125). Hence, in English, the translators use the simple past tense to translate the sentences containing the word rồi in these cases. The word already is still used, albeit insignificantly, with 22/76 occurrences in English sentences (…already…) or at the end of them (…already.). In addition, the researcher also counts the insignificant number of occurrences of the word rồi with its meanings called M4 and M5 in Table 1. With the meaning called M4, the word rồi accompanied the words or phrases of the past time mentioned above. With the meaning called M5, the word rồi is to emphasize the event in question. This fact is akin to the use of the present perfect tense in English analyzed below.

The present perfect tense
Similar to the simple past tense, the present perfect tense is used to translate into English for the 90 Vietnamese sentences containing the word rồi. In these cases, the word rồi denotes the meaning called M1 in Table 1. Of these, although there are 25 times the words đã and rồi or từng and rồi combined (…đã/từng…rồi.), the researcher again realizes that the word rồi can appear alone. The question is why the translators chose the present perfect tense instead of the simple past one to translate these 90 Vietnamese sentences into English. According to Truong (2014: 127), "The perfect 8 can be used to describe an event that started in the past and continues up to the period of utterance, or an event that has already happened in the past but its result relates to the present. In addition, it can also be used to describe events that have just happened shortly before the period of utterance. These meanings are categorized into four different types of the English perfect "perfect of result, perfect of experience, perfect of persistent situation, and perfect of recent past" (Comrie, 1976: 56-61). "I'm going to say it anymore," he said. "I haven't a bit of hope left…"
-"You can't be immobilized just from this, how many times have I beaten you with the cane already!". We see this clearly in the following sentences.
• "Gần ba năm rồi từ ngày anh gặp em lần đầu ..." -perfect of persistent situation: from the past to the time of utterance is nearly three years, the word rồi helps to show that the meeting was in the past and helps to emphasize the reality of the three-year period; • "Em từng thăm bao nhiêu thành phố ở Anh rồi?" -perfect of experience: the word rồi implies that the matter that David is asking, empirically, to know how many places where Kim has visited in England since she started his studies at Oxford University happened before David asked; • "Anh mắng thì em cũng nói. Em tuyệt vọng rồi." -perfect of result: De True expressed his desperation as a negative outcome of his and De Men's dire situation before the time of this statement. The word rồi is used to emphasize this fact which has just happened.
Therefore, choosing the present perfect tense to translate the Vietnamese sentences in these cases into English is correct. There are 49 occurrences of the word already in these English sentences. The past perfect tense ..., and for me personally there was a piece of grievous news: Mole-cricket had been taken prisoner.
The past perfect tense in English is used 29 times in the researcher's research corpus. This tense belongs to the group of the English perfect "in correlation with the reference time in the past" (Truong, 2014: 128). In the 29 original Vietnamese sentences, the occurrences of the word rồi (…rồi./…rồi…) with 20/29 times or its combination with the word đã/từng (…đã/từng…rồi.) with 09/29 times refer to the situation time in the past, corresponding to its meanings called M1 and M4 in Table 1. The difference with the simple past tense and the present perfect tense is that the event in question happened before another event in the past (Mai & Nguyen, 2011: 9). Therefore, depending on the context of the original Vietnamese sentence containing the word rồi, the translators choose the past perfect tense for such cases. In English sentences translated from these sentences, the word already continues to be used with 10 occurrences. The simple future tense Table 11. Some typical examples of the simple future tense used to translate the Vietnamese sentences containing the word rồi into English in the corpus.

(M3)
Misses Christine sincerely advised. "You will face many experiences later that are not like the way you think." Chắc vài tuần nữa cô sang Paris rồi. (M3) "…for she will go to Paris in just a couple of weeks."

C
Kim bật cười, làm ra vẻ vô tư: "Rồi David sẽ cho bác một nàng dâu dễ thương!" (M3) Kim burst out laughing, and appearing unbiased said, "Then David will give you a lovable daughter-in-law!" D -Mẹ con sắp được thả rồi. (M2) "Your mom will soon be released." -Con sắp ngồi dậy được rồi. (M2) "I'll be able to sit up soon." The simple future tense is used to translate the 31 Vietnamese sentences containing the word rồi with its meanings called M2 or M3 in Table 1. The number of sentences containing the word rồi with the meaning called M3 is more dominant than the one called M2. Specifically, with the meaning called M3, the word rồi usually needs to accompany the word sẽ (…rồi…sẽ… / …rồi sẽ…) with 15 occurrences to denote the situation time in the future. With the meaning called M2, the word rồi usually needs the presence of the word sắp (…sắp…rồi…), (…sắp…rồi.) with 06 occurrences to denote that the event will be finished in the blink of an eye. In the sentences translated into English, these two meanings are expressed more clearly with the occurrence of the words or phrases such as …later (09 times), then will… (01 time), …soon… / …soon… (04 times), then… (02 times).
Thus, to use the simple future tense for translating the original Vietnamese sentence containing the word rồi, the translators need the presence of other words such as sẽ, sắp, … They accompany the word rồi to denote its meanings called M2 or M3 in Table 1. However, the occurrence of the word rồi in these cases is not required. The translators can still translate the original Vietnamese sentence into English with the simple future tense without taking the word rồi into account. This is common when in the Vietnamese sentence there is "(an) adjunct(s) of time in the future" (To, 2013: 10) as in the sentence "Chắc vài tuần nữa cô sang Paris rồi". Besides, according to To (2022: 143), "the Vietnamese language generally expresses future meaning by a lexical means: (i) either a single modal verb like sẽ, định, tính, or sắp; (ii) or a combination of two or more modal verbs like định sẽ, tính sẽ, dự tính sẽ, có thể sẽ, sẽ có thể, or sẽ … được". Therefore, the number of English sentences using the future simple tense translated from the original Vietnamese sentences in the researcher's corpus is not significant. However, the occurrence of the word rồi helps to emphasize the event in question for its possibility of happening in the future.

The near future tense
Similar to the simple future tense, the near future tense is used in a limited way by the translators when translating the Vietnamese sentences containing the word rồi with its meaning called M2 in Table 1. Specifically, there are only 08 times the near future tense was used and 6/8 of those have a combination of the word sắp and the word rồi (…sắp…rồi.). The influence of the word rồi on the translator's choice of the near future tense to translate the original Vietnamese sentences is almost non-existent. However, as mentioned above, the occurrence of the word rồi helps to emphasize the possibility of an event happening in the near future. Fernando, appearing very tired and depressed, said, "I came to say so long to you." Fernando forced a smile, "Tomorrow I am going already". "Thật ra Việt Nam đang là môi trường đầu tư hấp dẫn-Fernando kéo Kim nằm xuống gối đầu lên đùi mình-Thị trường cổ phiếu sắp nóng lên rồi, em không chịu đọc báo kinh tế gì hết!" (M2) "Vietnam is really attractive for the investment field." Fernando said, while pulling Kim to lay her head down on the pillow on his lap. "The market shares are going to get hot there soon, so you wouldn't want to read a newspaper about the economics at all!" D "Nhà mình sắp giàu rồi!" (M2) "Mom, we're going to be rich!" When translating these sentences into English, the translators use a variety of ways below to express this meaning.
• "be about + infinitive" to claim that an event is "going to very soon" or "just going to" (Swan, 1980: 3). • "be going to…" to describe an event "with or without a time expression" (Thomson & Martinet, 1975: 53) or even to make predictions about an event in the near future. "The predictive meaning, especially the prediction based on present causes, can also be expressed by be going to…" (To, 2013: 10). "Nhà mình sắp giàu rồi!" is a point in case. • "be V_ing" is also used to "talk about things you have planned to do, or things that are going to happen in the future." (Seaton & Mew, 2007: 91). In such a case, however, "if we want to use it with a future connotation, it is almost imperative that a sign of future time is present" (To, 2013: 9) "Ngày mai anh đi rồi." is a point in case.

Discussion
The study addresses the word rồi to clarify its influence on translators' selection on choosing the English tenses for translating Vietnamese sentences containing it into English. Based on the meanings of the word rồi in Vietnamese and the occurrence of some other words or phrases involved, the translators should take them into account before deciding what English tense is appropriate to translate the Vietnamese sentences containing them into English semantically equivalently. Specifically, the researcher has findings which aim at clarifying this matter and helping Vietnamese learners studying English find it easy to translate in similar cases.
o The simple present tense is usually used to translate Vietnamese sentences containing the word rồi into English if the word rồi occurring in them denotes the meaning of emphasizing the reality of the event mentioned. In this case, the word rồi often appears at the end of the original Vietnamese sentences (…rồi.) to indicate the emphasis on the fact considered affirmable. When translated into English, the word already is preferred to be used in an English sentence (…already…) or at the end of it (…already.). The combination of đã and rồi (…đã … rồi.) in the original Vietnamese sentences does not affect the use of the simple present tense when producing translation.
o The simple past tense, present perfect, and past perfect tense are preferred when the word rồi implies that the event mentioned in the sentence happened in the past. The combination of the words đã/từng with the word rồi (…đã/từng…rồi.) is quite popular in the Vietnamese sentences in these cases. The word rồi can even appear alone. Consequently, the word already is still used, albeit insignificantly to translate them into English. The main difference between the use of the present perfect and the past perfect tense is that while the former requires the word rồi to indicate the connection of the event in question with a result at present, the latter is used when that event happened before another time or action in the past.
o Evidence suggests that the word rồi exerts no effects on choosing the simple future or near future tense when translators translate Vietnamese sentences containing it into English. This is because in the Vietnamese sentence there is "(an) adjunct(s) of time in the future" (To, 2013: 10). The word rồi usually needs to accompany the word sẽ (…rồi…sẽ… / …rồi sẽ… / …sắp…rồi… / …sắp…rồi.) to denote the situation time in the future. The translators need the presence of the other words in question (sẽ, sắp,…) to use the simple future or near future tense in English. However, the occurrence of the word rồi helps to emphasize the event in question for its possibility of happening in the future.
Researching words/phrases that affect translators' selection on English tenses when translating Vietnamese sentences into English has become a popular and interesting topic for years as it is considered a challenge for language learners when there are differences of grammar between their mother tongue, such as Vietnamese, and foreign language, English as a case in point. "Translators and scholars are on the way to pursue better and more complete methods as well as criteria systems for translation" (Tran, 2022: 1). Thereby resulting in the presence of various research addressing this matter. However, the reality has not applied clearly and completely to the word rồi in consideration of its influences on translators' selection on appropriate English tenses to translate the Vietnamese sentences containing it into English. Truong (2015) used the literary work named 'The Old Man and the Sea' by Ernest Hemingway and its Vietnamese translation by Le Huy Bac to have statistics on the use frequency of the meaning of perfect. The author proved that when translating English sentences with this meaning into Vietnamese, the translator used the combination of words, including đã, rồi, and chưa. However, Truong (2015) only clarified the influence of the word rồi in conveying the meaning of perfect in Vietnamese when Vietnamese translators translate English sentences into Vietnamese. Also, Truong (2015) focused on the word rồi in combination with other words/phrases, which put the emphasis on syntactic features in Vietnamese. Trinh (2014) mentioned the role of the word rồi in translating utterances with conversed conventional implicature. The reason is that rồi "shows very clearly the orderly nature of action" (Trinh, 2014:26), so it is necessary to apply the translations with conserved Conventional Implicature from English into Vietnamese. Either way, Trinh (2014) did not have further analysis of the word rồi. Both Truong (2015) and Trinh (2014) used the different method from that of this study when they considered English as the source language and Vietnamese as the target language for their studies.
Compared to these previous studies, this study has several differences. Initially, the researcher of this study tried to clarify the influences of the word rồi on translators' selection on six English tenses when translating Vietnamese sentences into English, not just the perfect tenses. Next, this study used Vietnamese as the source language with the four literary works written by Vietnamese authors and English as the target language with the translations of the works in question. Finally, the two previous studies, to a certain extent, supported this research's findings as no conflict appeared.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the occurrence of the word rồi exerts a significant influence on translators' selection on choosing the appropriate English tenses for translating Vietnamese sentences containing it into English. These sentences are usually translated into English with the simple present tense if the word rồi occurring in them denotes the meaning of emphasizing the reality of the event mentioned. Meanwhile, the simple past, present perfect, and past perfect tense are preferred when the word rồi implies that the event mentioned in the sentence happened in the past. The main difference between the use of the present perfect and the past perfect tense is that while the former requires the word rồi to indicate the connection of the event in question with a result at present, the latter is used when that event happened before another time or action in the past. However, that using the simple future and near future tense is not dependent upon the occurrence of the word rồi because this word does need the combination with other words or phrases to denote the meaning of future. Therefore, understanding the influence of the word rồi in Vietnamese in different contexts helps Vietnamese people learning English know how to choose the appropriate English tenses to have the semantically equivalent translation of Vietnamese sentences containing the word rồi into English.